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When a company earns profit, it can keep the money to grow or pay part of it to shareholders as a dividend. The dividend yield says how big that payment is compared with the share price: the yearly dividend per share divided by the current price, shown as a percentage.
The formula in one line
- 1Add up a year4 payments × ₹5 = ₹20 per share in the last 12 months.
- 2Divide by the price₹20 ÷ ₹500 = 0.04.
- 3Turn it into a percentage0.04 × 100 = 4%. That is the trailing yield.
Use the dividends already paid for a trailing yield. A forward yield uses the dividend the company has announced or is expected to pay.
Same dividend, different prices
The dividend is a rupee amount; the price changes every day. So the same ₹20 gives a different yield depending on when you look. This is why quoting a yield without the price date can mislead.
| Share price | Yearly dividend | Yield |
|---|---|---|
| ₹500 | ₹20 | 4.00% |
| ₹400 | ₹20 | 5.00% |
| ₹300 | ₹20 | 6.67% |
| ₹250 | ₹20 | 8.00% |
| ₹200 | ₹20 | 10.00% |
| ₹160 | ₹20 | 12.50% |
The company did not become more generous as the price fell. The same cash simply became a bigger slice of a smaller price.
A very high yield can mean the market expects the dividend to be cut.
The yield trap
A yield trap is a stock whose yield looks great only because its price has dropped, often because the business is struggling. If profits fall below the dividend, the company may cut or stop the payout, and the price can fall again. Buyers who chased the yield then lose twice: less income and a lower price.
- Profits comfortably cover the dividend
- Dividend has grown or held for years
- Debt is manageable
- Price has fallen a lot in a short time
- Profits are below the dividend
- Heavy debt or shrinking sales
The number alone cannot tell them apart. You need to look at profits, debt and the dividend record.
Payout ratio: can the dividend last?
The payout ratio is the dividend per share divided by earnings per share. A company that earns ₹44 per share and pays ₹20 has a payout ratio of about 45%. Under 100% means it pays out less than it earns; over 100% means it is paying from savings or borrowing.
- Retains mostunder 30%
- Balanced30–60%
- High60–80%
- Stretchedover 80%
These bands are a rough rule of thumb, not an official standard. Banks, utilities and growth businesses normally sit in different places.
Yield on cost: your yield versus the market's yield
Current yield uses today's price. Yield on cost uses the price you actually paid. Suppose you bought at ₹200 when the dividend was ₹8 (4%). If the dividend grows 8% a year, then after 10 years it is about ₹17.27 a year. On your original ₹200 that is an 8.6% yield on cost, even if the share price has moved to ₹600 and the current yield is only 2.9%.
Yield on cost = dividend ÷ price paid: 4.0% at the start, 5.9% after 5 years, 8.6% after 10. It is a way to see income growth, but it does not show whether the share was a good use of money.
Reinvest or spend? A 20-year example
Take ₹1,00,000 in a share with a 4% yield, where the price and dividend both grow 6% a year (so the yield stays about 4%). Compare keeping the dividends as cash with buying more shares each year. These are made-up round numbers to show the effect, not a forecast.
Reinvesting makes the total about ₹6.73 lakh against ₹4.68 lakh. The difference grows because reinvested dividends earn their own dividends and price growth.
Without reinvesting, the shares are worth about ₹3.21 lakh and the cash received adds up to about ₹1.47 lakh. Taxes are ignored here.
Total return: dividends are only half the story
- Price growth6%
- Dividend yield4%
Total return = price change + dividends. A stock with a 6% yield and a falling price can lose to a 1% yield stock whose price climbs.
What to check before trusting a yield
- Date of the price. Yield changes daily; compare at the same time.
- Payout ratio. Is the dividend comfortably below profit?
- Dividend history. Steady or growing payments are a better sign than one big special dividend.
- Debt and cash flow. A company with heavy debt may cut the dividend first.
- Tax. In India, dividends are added to your income and taxed at your slab rate, and the company may deduct TDS above a yearly limit. Check the current rules or ask a tax professional.
Questions people ask
What is dividend yield?
It is the yearly dividend per share divided by the share price, shown as a percentage. A ₹20 yearly dividend on a ₹500 share is a 4% yield.
Is a high dividend yield good?
Not always. A high yield can mean the price has fallen because the market expects a dividend cut. Check the payout ratio, debt and dividend history before drawing a conclusion.
What is a good payout ratio?
There is no single answer. Many investors treat 30 to 60 percent as balanced for ordinary companies, but banks, utilities and fast-growing firms differ. A ratio above 100 percent means the dividend is not covered by profit.
What is yield on cost?
It is the yearly dividend divided by the price you originally paid. It shows how your income has grown relative to your own investment, not what the stock yields to a new buyer today.
Why did my stock's yield change when it paid the same dividend?
Because the price changed. Yield is dividend divided by price, so a lower price raises the yield and a higher price lowers it.
Are dividends taxed in India?
Yes. Dividends are taxable income in the hands of the shareholder at their slab rate, and TDS may apply above a yearly threshold per company. Rules and limits change, so check the latest guidance.